Open source web programming language PHP narrowly avoided a potentially dangerous supply chain attack over the weekend.
Technically, in fact, you could say that the “attack” was successful, given that imposters were apparently able to make to make the same source code change on two separate occasions:
Fortunately, however, the changes were noticed and reverted within hours, so they didn’t make it into any official PHP release.
In theory, anyone who downloaded the very latest “still in development” version of PHP on Sunday 2021-03-28, compiled it, and installed it on a real-life, internet facing web server could have been at risk…
…but we think the total number of people who did that is probably zero, with the possible exception of the crooks themselves proving a point.
What it does
The modifications above introduce a nasty remote code execution backdoor to any server that uses PHP’s Zlib compression for content it sends out.
(These days, many, if not most, web pages are compressed before they’re transmitted, unless they are files such as images or download archives that are already compressed and so won’t compress much more, if at all.)
The backdoor is triggered when PHP output compression starts, and it:
- Looks for a header in the incoming request called
User-Agentt. Web requests usually include aUser-Agentheader that denotes which browser you are using. This is nearly, but not quite, the same name used as a command carrier. - Checks that the header starts with the word ‘zerodium’. Zerodium is a reference to a company that buys zero-day exploits in third-party products for its own use, in contrast to software vendors who offer bug bounties for responsible disclosure of bugs so that they can be patched.
- Treats the rest of the header as a command and runs it. This causes remote code execution (RCE), typically giving the attacker the same rights and privileges as the web server itself.
This backdoors turns PHP itself into what’s known as a webshell – an implanted malicious file on the server that can not only be triggered by an external attacker, but also instructed to run any system command the attacker wants at any time.
In other words, a remote shell of this sort doesn’t just let cybercriminals run some commands, it lets them run any commands, and therefore to adapt and alter their attack as they go along.
What happened?
The unauthorised code changes were tagged with the names of Rasmus Lerdorf (creator of PHP) and Nikita Popov (a major PHP contributor).
PHP development is managed using the well-known Git source code control system, on a server operated by the PHP team itself.
According to Popov:
We don’t yet know how exactly this happened, but everything points towards a compromise of the git.php.net server (rather than a compromise of an individual git account).
Until now, the team has used Microsoft’s cloud-based GitHub service as a mirror (secondary copy) of its codebase, but says that “the repositories on GitHub […] will become canonical,” which is the jargon term for the primary copy, and says “we have decided that maintaining our own git infrastructure is an unnecessary security risk, and that we will discontinue the git.php.net server.”
Popov also said:
We’re reviewing the repositories for any corruption beyond the two referenced commits. Please contact security@php.net if you notice anything.
What to do?
The good news, as we mentioned above, is that this backdoor didn’t make it into any official PHP releases, so it’s highly unlikely that this Trojan Horse code made it into any real-world servers.
In particular, if you didn’t download PHP and rebuild it from source code over the past weekend, you’re unlikely to have come anywhere near this.
If you’re worried, check the file etc/zlib/zlib.c in your PHP source code tree for signs of the added lines shown above.
In particular, the text string zend_eval should not appear anywhere in the /etc/zlib/* files, so if you run this command from the top of your PHP tree, you shouldn’t see any matches:
/home/user/php-source$ grep -R zend_eval etc/zlib/* /home/user/php-source$
If the above backdoor code has somehow made it into your PHP tree, you would see something like this instead…
/home/user/php-source$ grep -R zend_eval ext/zlib/* ext/zlib/zlib.c: zend_eval_string(Z_STRVAL_P(enc)+8, NULL, [...] /home/user/php-source$
In the unlikely event that your code includes the backdoor, you need to refresh your PHP source from the new repository as well as looking for any other unexplained modifications in your code, or unexpected commands in your logs..